2 results
7 - Growing Up in Multilingual Communities
- from Part One - Factors Influencing Language Development
- Edited by James Law, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sheena Reilly, Griffith University, Queensland, Cristina McKean, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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- Book:
- Language Development
- Published online:
- 11 August 2022
- Print publication:
- 25 August 2022, pp 144-165
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Summary
At the global level, many children learn language in bilingual or multilingual environments. They may hear and use one language at home and another at school and in the community. Some children learn more than one language in their home if the family uses more than one language in every day interactions. There is significant variability with respect to what language(s) children learn, when they learn each language, and in what context(s) each language is used. Children may hear and use different languages in the home, school and community. Developmental language disorder (DLD) affects approximately 10 per cent of the child population, including children with exposure to more than one language. A diagnosis of DLD in multilingual children should consider all languages a child hears and uses. Language learning is difficult for children with DLD and manifests across all their languages. Bilingual and multilingual children typically use forms that show the mutual influence of their languages. These influences are not indicators of DLD. Despite having difficulty with language learning, bilingual and multilingual children are not more likely to have DLD (though they may be at risk for misdiagnosis). Language intervention approaches for multilingual children with DLD should involve all their languages.
10 - Global production and economics
- Edited by Dave Checkley, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Jürgen Alheit, Yoshioki Oozeki, Claude Roy
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- Book:
- Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish
- Published online:
- 08 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 20 August 2009, pp 256-274
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Summary
Summary
Global production and trade in small pelagic fish (SPF) are affected by complex interactions between physical, ecological and economic systems, which give rise to relatively long-term, asynchronous cycles in SPF abundance and distribution. These cycles can have serious impacts on local SPF fisheries' production, but because they tend to be counterbalancing, global production of SPF tends to remain relatively stable. Nevertheless, recent patterns of landings indicate that most SPF are being harvested at or near their maximum yield levels, which in the face of increasing demand is expected to result in rising prices in supply-limited markets. Adding to these concerns are the uncertainties of climate change, which leads us to consider important economic issues related to SPF fisheries production, starting with how the redistribution of SPF resources affects respective rates of resource utilization, particularly when SPF move between independently managed fishing zones. This entails an associated issue, the time preferences for experiencing the range of benefits from SPF resources among nations sharing access to these resources. Because the ecological and economic impacts of climate change will extend well beyond directed SPF fisheries, we consider the economic impact of a climate–SPF regime shift from an ecosystem perspective. Of interest here is the full range of economic benefits SPF resources provide; not only their commercial value, but as prey for commercially valuable predators, and for recreational and non-commercial predators. In this context we examine the socially optimum use of these resources, balancing the benefits from commercially harvesting SPF with those from leaving them in the ocean ecosystem.